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-Francoise the first sister mentioned in the handout, came from a rich wealthy family.  -she grew up where he families peasants lived which helped her see the difference between elite and lower class and the rich and poor. -she attended school and returned home -it was thought she would follow in her families foot steps and stay home to marry and live comfortably but she decided to live her life as a virgin but did not want to become a nun -Julie another founder was from a very poor family. Her father made enough for her to attend school and she took her knowledge and taught the children what she learned who were unable to attend school themselves.  -due to the hard life of being poor along with stress, it is believed to have caused her multiple sclerosis, and medicine was not advanced in europe -these two sisters lived very different lives. When the french revolution broke out, franchise took care of her parents until her mother and grandfather passed away. ...

Religion in Early Modern Societies -The early modern era gave birth to two cultural trends, the first being the spread of christianity to asians, africans and native americans and the second was the emergence of a modern scientific outlook that challenged western christianity -science and religion was the new cultural encounter -Science was a new world view and for some, became almost a new religion The Globalization of Christianity -Christianity was largely limited to europe in the beginning of the modern era and in 1500 stretched from spain and england in the west to russia in the east -Christian world was divided between roman Catholics of western and central europe and eastern orthodox of eastern europe and russia -Reformation of the Catholic church to Protestant began in 1517 when a document was issued known as the "95 theses" which publicly invited a debate about various abuses within the church. -Protestant idea was that all vocations were of equal merit. Comm...

Early modern commerce in people -Atlantic slave trade had the most profound consequences -Between 1500-1866 the trade in human beings took about 12.5 million people from African societies and shipped them across the atlantic middle passage bringing them to america where they lived their brief lives as slaves. -Within Africa, that commerce disrupted societies and strengthened others and even corrupted some. Elites enriched themselves while slaves were victimized beyond imagination. -The profits of the slave trade enriched mostly european and euro american societies. -New world slavery was largely based on plantation agriculture for colonial america. -The origins of atlantic slavery lie in the mediterranean world with as common sweetener known as sugar. -Europeans knew nothing of sugar and relied on honey to sweeten bland diets. -African american slaves were used due to their immunity to many diseases -slave trade slowed Africa's growth in a time when other nations were expa...

Early Modern commerce in products -New societies and commerce connections across the Atlantic resulted in European empires in the western hemisphere. -The most immediate effort was the desire for tropical spices -Europe's population grew and monarchies were learning how to tax more effectively and build better military forces -Europeans were required to pay cash in gold or silver for Asian spices and textiles. -Indian ocean commerce played a role in the diverse market who traded freely, most of them being Muslims -No one dominated sea lands and Portuguese saw this as an opening for their ships to compete in naval forces. -Portuguese created a space to control commerce known as the trading post empire which did so by armed forces -Spanish realized they were late to the riches of the east and established themselves on the Philippines island -When Dutch and English entered the Indian ocean commerce they overtook the Portuguese ' -silver trade gave a global network of ...

Colonial empires in the Americas -Spanish focused their empire building efforts in the Caribbean and then, in the early sixteenth century, turned to the main land with powerful Aztec and Inca empires. -Countries on the rim of Europe were closer to the Americas than any Asian competitor. -Europeans innovated map making, navigation, and ship design. -pre Columbian population of the western hemisphere was estimated to be between 60-80 million. -When native American people came into contact with European and African diseases they died in appalling numbers and ended up losing roughly 90 percent of their population. Comparing colonial societies in the Americas -What Europeans encountered across the Atlantic was considered an "old world" -Europeans did not simply conquer and govern societies but created whole new ones -The land offered more than what the Europeans were expecting. -Contrast between a semi feudal Spain catholic Spain and a more changing protestant England ...

im done